Lithium-ion batteries, a technological marvel

Lithium-ion batteries, a technological marvel ubiquitous in our daily lives from smartphones and laptops to power tools and drones, have transformed the way we energize our devices. Renowned for their efficiency and effectiveness, these rechargeable wonders bring convenience, but it’s imperative to delve into the potential hazards associated with their usage.

When lithium-ion batteries undergo charging, ions traverse between the cathode and anode through an electrolyte fluid. During the discharge of energy, a circuit forms between the anode and cathode, facilitating the movement of ions to power the device.

Among the notable risks is thermal runaway, a situation where a lithium-ion cell spirals into an unmanageable, self-heating state. Faults arising from internal malfunctions or external conditions can act as triggers for this perilous phenomenon. Internal short circuits, overcharging, overheating, manufacturing defects, and physical damage, are just some of the primary causes of thermal runaway.

Temperature regulation plays a pivotal role, and the optimal range falls between 68 to 104°F. Most lithium-ion batteries incorporate a Battery Management System (BMS) designed to prevent operation beyond a specified temperature limit, commonly set at 140°F. Exceeding this threshold can lead to the decomposition of the anode coating, and at 158°F, the electrolyte may evaporate, elevating pressure and inviting mechanical failure.

During a thermal runaway, a cascade effect can transpire, resulting in the deterioration of the electrolyte, potential leaks (in liquid or gas form), and even explosions. Overcharging, short-circuiting, or exposure to external heat can initiate and exacerbate this hazardous process.

Containing a lithium-ion battery fire poses a formidable challenge. Conventional dry fire retardants often prove ineffective due to the chain reaction nature of the fire. Although specialized lithium-ion gel extinguishers exist, their widespread availability remains limited. Additionally, even after apparent extinguishment, these fires may rekindle hours or days later.

In the course of thermal runaway, the release of toxic gases, such as hydrogen fluoride and phosphoryl fluoride, becomes a significant concern. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) emerges as a serious threat due to its corrosive and toxic nature. HF can induce severe effects, including damage to the body’s surface layers, tissue penetration leading to necrosis, and depletion of crucial elements like calcium and magnesium. Such depletion can result in conditions like hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and imbalances contributing to heart arrhythmias.

The severity of exposure hinges on HF concentration and the affected surface area. Concentrations below 20% may manifest symptoms 24 hours after contact, while higher concentrations can prompt more immediate effects. Exposure can manifest in systemic effects, severe burns to the skin, eyes, or digestive tract, and respiratory irritation, potentially leading to pulmonary edema.

Airlines and Lithium-Ion Batteries

When it comes to air travel, airlines are increasingly implementing stringent restrictions on the transportation of lithium-ion batteries. This is because there have been instances of smartphones, tablets, and laptops catching fire mid-flight, and even cargo planes experiencing fires linked to lithium-ion batteries.

In response to these incidents, aviation authorities such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have implemented strict regulations governing the transportation of these batteries.

Airlines typically allow passengers to carry lithium-ion batteries in their carry-on luggage but restrict the transportation of batteries in checked baggage. This is due to the fact that, in the event of a thermal runaway, cabin crew can quickly respond to a fire in the passenger cabin. In contrast, a fire in the cargo hold may go unnoticed until it has escalated to a critical level.

To further mitigate the risks, airlines impose quantity limits on the number of spare lithium-ion batteries that passengers can carry. Additionally, there are restrictions based on the watt-hour (Wh) rating of the batteries. Higher watt-hour ratings indicate greater energy capacity and, thus, a higher risk potential.

Compliance with these limits helps ensure that the overall risk posed by lithium-ion batteries is minimized.

In the event of a lithium-ion battery undergoing thermal runaway

In the event that you become aware of a lithium-ion battery undergoing thermal runaway, prompt and measured actions are crucial to ensuring safety and minimizing potential risks. Understanding the steps to take can make a significant difference in managing this challenging situation.

First and foremost, if the lithium-ion battery is part of a device or equipment, immediately power it off, if possible, and swiftly evacuate the surrounding area. Safety should be the top priority, and creating distance from the potential hazard is essential.

It’s imperative not to attempt to extinguish the fire with water. Lithium-ion batteries react negatively to water, and attempting to use it as a firefighting measure can exacerbate the situation, potentially leading to the release of harmful gases.

Dial emergency services, specifically the fire department, to report the incident. Provide them with detailed information about the situation, emphasizing the presence of a lithium-ion battery. Emergency responders are equipped with the knowledge and tools to handle such situations safely.

In a comprehensive approach, it’s important to note that the fire department, in dealing with such fires, utilizes protective breathing gear. This gear becomes essential due to the potential release of toxic gases during the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery. This additional safety measure ensures that emergency responders can address the situation effectively.

Maintain a safe distance and monitor the situation cautiously. Do not attempt to approach the lithium-ion battery or the fire, as lithium-ion battery fires can be unpredictable, and the situation may worsen unexpectedly.

Taking immediate and appropriate actions, prioritizing safety, and seeking professional assistance are key when dealing with a lithium-ion battery experiencing thermal runaway. Awareness and preparedness can significantly contribute to a safer resolution of such incidents.

While lithium-ion batteries power our contemporary existence, comprehending and addressing their associated risks is paramount for ensuring our safety in the ever-evolving landscape of technology.